I feel ARW Autumn term was short, but busy. I was a festival committee member, so especially before the festival, it was very hard to do assignments. I even wrote essay at recess of my part-time job with my note personal computer.
But, of course, the classes were fun, and I spent a full life. I think the tight situation made me concentrate on my work in limited time. If I had a lot of time, I would not have done assignments so hard inversely.
The most valuable things I learned is the way of citation. In spring term, it was ambiguous for me, but this time I could understand.
In addition, collecting material was useful. I do not think I did well, but it was good experience which I will be able to make use of it in the future.
Last, I really appreciate Mark's apt advices and familiar teaching. Thank you !!
2011年11月11日金曜日
Final Edited Essay!!
Nakajima Saki
ARW sec.BG
Prof. Christianson
November.10.2011
Why Do Some Japanese Feel an Antipathy Against Koreans?
On August 21 in 2011, more than two-thousand Japanese demonstrated against the Fuji broadcasting TV station (see figure1). It was because the Fuji broadcasts many Korean programs. They insisted that the Fuji treated Koreans with more favor than Japanese and called it a betrayer of Japan, and still now they attempt to continue demonstration. It is true that the Korean TV programs are increasing. According to asahi.com, Fuji broadcast Korean programs for about 38 hours in July 2011, which number was the most among the Japanese commercial broadcasting TV stations. However, the reason why the Korean TV programs are increasing is because they are cheap to broadcast while the Japanese ones need a lot of production costs (Takahisa). It is natural that the company try to reduce the expenses, so the thought that the Fuji is a betrayer of Japan is misdirected.
Figure1. Many Japanese demonstrated against the Fuji broadcasting TV station. Image from Jikkoui no demo fujitere ni honshamae de genki ni kougi no koe wo ageta [The comittee protested cheerfully in front of the office of Fuji TV broadcasting station]; Personal Photograph by Hanausagi; 18 Sep. 2011. Web; 22 Oct. 2011.
It is true that the relation seems to become familiar, because they restored diplomatic relations, and nowadays Korean culture is booming in Japan. According to Chua, who is the Head of the Department of Sociology at National University of Singapore, the current Korean wave can be said to begin since 2003, when the Korean melodrama “Winter Sonata” began to broadcast on NHK TV station. The leading actor, Bae Youn Joon became very famous in Japan and called “Yon sama”, which means “Brother Yon”. This name was selected as one of the most used words in 2004 (“Kotoshino”). As Chua also explained, this program was popular especially among Japanese middle-aged female audience (Chua) . After that, the young K-POP singers began to appear. For example, one of the popular young men’s group, Tong Vfang Xien Qi made debut in Japan in 2005. Now, the Korean girl’s groups, like KARA or Shoujojidai, are at the height of their popularity. According to Oricon, which is the company showing the many kinds of rankings, which informs Japanese of the ranking about the well-sold music and so on, their music is very popular. For example, on October 12, 2011, when KARA’s DVD “KARA’s All about Beauty” began to be sold, it was the first rank in terms of daily sales. In addition, they appear on many advertisements in the city.
However, it is true that some Japanese feel an antipathy against Koreans. According to the public-opinion poll by both Asahi Shimbun and The Dong-a Ilbo in 2010, 10% of Japanese dislike Korean (Sakurai). On the other hand, though American and Western cultures spread widely, only few Japanese criticize it. Therefore, it can be said that they do not oppose receiving other countries’ cultures, but feel an especial antipathy against Korean. In addition, some relatively young Japanese are also anti-Korean. The video recording of the demonstration against Fuji broadcasting TV station mentioned above proved that many people in their twenties and thirties participated in it (yhoogoo).
In order to deepen the longstanding friendship with Korea, it is essential to know the reasons some Japanese feel an antipathy against Korean. The three main factors are the patriotic factors, the biased information factors, and ignorance factors.
First, some Japanese stick to the nationality. They are conscious of that they are one of the Japanese strongly, and sometimes try to take action to benefit Japan. This tendency can be seen in the discrimination came from history the cultural conservatism. Some Japanese, especially elder Japanese look down on Korean, are affected by the history. In the history, Japan and Korea has had a close, and perhaps, disagreeable connection. In the latter part of ninetieth century, Japan began to put pressure on Korea, and then since 1894 Japan placed Korea under its control substantially. In the first half of the twenty century, Japan strengthened the control with discrimination (Nahm). Therefore, some elderly Japanese continue to discriminate Korean still now. Moreover, such history produced cultural conservatism. According to Schwartz, a social psychologist working at Hebrew University, cultural conservatism means “a cultural emphasis on maintenance of the status quo, prosperity, and restraint of actions or inclinations that might disrupt the solidary group or the traditional order”(26). In other words, cultural conservatism is the way of thinking that people should keep the quality or popularity of culture and limit a bad influence from other nations. In addition, if many products of Koran culture import to Japan, the Japanese economy may be damaged, so some Japanese feel cautious of Korean action. Therefore, the nationality by which Japanese regard their own country as important makes them to feel an antipathy against Korean.
Secondly, the biased information caused the antipathy against Korean. Media or some senders of information on the Internet want the sensational news which is attractive, so they often inform emotionally, biasedly, or even inaccurately. However, in modern times, the clear moral is lacked, and many people are deceived (Cavalier 95). In addition, it is very quick that the information spread because of the development of information technology, so the biased one is conveyed to many people fast and win the confidence.
Tsutomu Nishioka insisted that the media reported excessively or by mistake, so as a result it made the situation worse. For example, the famous Japanese newspaper, Asahi-shinbun, wrote the wrong article about the Japanese history textbook problem in 1982. It explained that the author of one textbook changed the negative word “invade” into more positive word “advance” when he or she stated the war, which irritated Korean. However, it was the false information. In the first place, the textbook author did not use the word “invade” (61). Now this mistake is clear, but the problem about the Japanese history textbook continues. Though the media should report correctly and give the hint to improve the situation, it fans the antipathy against Korean conversely.
Moreover, people on the Internet write his or her opinion and what they have seen and heard freely, so the information tends to be biased to a greater or lesser degree. This information sometimes stimulates some Japanese and makes the situation worse. The demonstration against Fuji broadcasting TV station mentioned above is one example of it. The start of this demonstration was the comment by Japanese actor Sosuke Takaoka on “Twitter” on July 23, 2011. He stated that the Fuji broadcasted the too many Korean programsand Japanese wanted the Japanese own traditional programs. This comment aroused a public response especially on the Internet (“Takaoka”). It is true that Fuji broadcasts many Korean programs as mentioned above, but it is not sure that all Japanese want to watch the own programs more than Korean ones. He was extremely emotional. It can be said that his comments are biased, and they influenced some people to think that Korean programs are not good. Then, the demonstration by anti-Korean happened. On the Internet, the minor biased information can become a big and serious problem.
Therefore, there is a lot of biased information which are given by media or someone on the Internet. Such information is possible to give the negative feeling over Korean. Or, the biased or wrong information may make the new problems, and then produces the negative image again.
Thirdly, many Japanese are ignorant about Koreans. Ignorance is possible to become antipathy, because ignorant people may believe the biased or wrong information as mentioned above. Eiko Osaka, the psychological semi-professor of Surugadai University, surveyed the images the adults have of Korea in 2005. As a result, they were divided into nineteen patterns, and the images in a higher rank are the negative image (7.2%), the information about Anti-Japanese Korean (5.7%), the North-South problem (5.2%), the mental distance (5.2%), and the economy success(5.2%). Similarly in case of the university students, the spicy food (66.7%), the drama and actors (14.7%), soccer (7.3%), and the traditional culture (6.7%). It shows that most adults imagined the negative thing which was possible to grow to the antipathy. Young Japanese did not seem to have a negative image, and their images were affected strongly by the fashion at that time. In addition, she also surveyed the images of Korean people. The adults mainly answered the positive image (22.9%), the strong self-assertion (16.5%), the solidarity as one nation (11.7%), a negative image (9.6%). Unexpectedly, many adults imagined the positive thing about Korean people unlike with Korea as one nation. Also, university students mainly answered the positive image (16.3%), “I do not know”(16.3%), the physical characteristics (15.5%), and the negative image (14.7%) (43). Those answers are vaguer than adults’ ones. It seems that young Japanese image the popular Korean culture including the entertainment, or the negative information given by media or Internet, or they are not interested in Korean very much. In all cases, they do not know a lot about Korean.
One of the reasons young Japanese are ignorant about Korean is because they are not taught about Korean well at school. According to “Basic Plan for the Promotion of Education”, which means the guide about what and how to teach, the Japanese government does not decide to study about Korean in elementary school. In junior high school and high school, the students have to study about the history concerning Korea, but they need not focus on the control over Korea (Japan MEXT). In this way, it is very natural that many young Japanese get information mainly by media and that they do not about Korean very much, especially about the diplomacy problems or history. The lack of sufficient education about Korean makes Japanese ignorant, and then increases the risk of hating Korean.
In conclusion, there are three conceivable main causes of Japanese antipathy against Korean; that is, the patriotic factor which sometimes tend to be exclusive, the biased or wrong information which produce the negative feeling over Korean, and the ignorance about Korean on account of the lack of education. In order to lessen the antipathy against Korean, the three points will be important. First one is non-persisting in history. It is important to learn from the past, but if Japanese persist in it too much, they cannot adapt their aspects on Korean to the modern or future situation. Moreover, it often makes people too passionate. It is necessary to respond flexibly at times. Second one is the faculty for discerning the true information. Nowadays, there is a lot of information, but a part of them is wrong or biased. It is needed to check on the source of information and whether it can be explained logically or not. Third one is deep acknowledgement about Korean. Especially, young people should learn about the history and the problems between Japan and Korea. If the Japanese government decides to teach it at school, it will be well known in the future.
As mentioned above, now Korean culture is booming, which is very delightful. However, the current situation is only superficial friendly relations because the antipathy against Korean still remains. Therefore, it is important to stop persisting in history, discern the true information, and know Koreans, in order to resolve the particular antipathy against Korean and change the strained relations. Those Japanese own changes will make it possible to improve the relationship between Japanese and Korean.
As mentioned above, now Korean culture is booming, which is very delightful. However, the current situation is only superficial friendly relations because the antipathy against Korean still remains. Therefore, it is important to stop persisting in history, discern the true information, and know Koreans, in order to resolve the particular antipathy against Korean and change the strained relations. Those Japanese own changes will make it possible to improve the relationship between Japanese and Korean.
Works Cited
Cavalier, Robert J, ed. the impact of the internet on our moral lives. New York: State
University of New York Press, 2005. Print.
Chua, Beng Huat. “East Asian Pop Culture: Consumer Communities and Politics of the National.”Cultural Space and Public Sphere in Asia. Asia’s Future Initiative, n.d. Web. 18 Oct. 2011.Japan. Minitry. of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. “Basic Plan for
the Promotion of Education” MEXT: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science & Technology in Japan, n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2011.
“Kotoshino Ryukogo Ha ‘Yon sama’ Word of the Year”[The Most Popular Word This Year is “Yon sama.” Word of the Year].Asahi.com. Asahi shinbun, 16 Nov. 2004. Web. 16 Oct. 2011.
Nahmm, Andrew C, ed. Korea Under Japanese Colonial Rule. Michigan: the Center for
Korean Studies Western Michigan University, 1973. Print.
Nishioka, Tsutomu. Nikkann Gokai No Shinenn [ the Abyss of Misunderstanding between Japan and Korea]. Tokyo: Akishobo, 1992. Print.
ORICON STYLE RANKING DVD overall daily ranking. Oricon Inc, October 2011.
Web. 12 October. 2011.
Osaka, Eiko. “ ‘Hallyu’ and Images of Koreans” Surugadai daigaku ronngyou 36
(2008): 29-47. Web. 20 Oct. 2011.
Sakurai, Izumi. “Nihon ‘Mijika ni’ 55%, Kankoku ha 42% Nikkann yoron chosa”[55%
of Japanese fell familiar with Korean, while 42% of Korean feel so with
Japanese, according to a public-opinion poll.] Asahi.com.Asahi shinbun, 10
June. 2010. Web. 18 Oct. 2011.
Schwartz, Shalom. “A Theory of Cultural Values and Some Implications for Work”
Applied Psychology 48.1 (1999): 23-47. Web. 1 Nov. 2011.
Takahisa, Jun. “Hanryubangumi Naze Hueta?”[Why Did Korean Programs
Increase?] asahi shinbun. Asahi.com, 20 Sep. 2011. Web. 16 Oct. 2011.
“Takaoka Sousuke Tuitta De Hihan ‘8 Ha Ima Majide Minai”[Sosuke Takaoka Criticized on Twitter. “I Do not Really Watch Channel 8 Now.”]Sponichi Annex. Sponichi Annex, 27 July. 2011. Web. 16 Oct. 2011.
yhoogoo, prod. Fujiterebi Kougi Demo 8・21 Kougashitu Sononana [The Video of
Demonstration Against Fuji Broadcasting TV Station on August 21, which Has
Good Image Quality, No.7].YouTube. You Tube, 21 Aug. 2011. Web. 18 Oct
2011年11月10日木曜日
Reaction to Diamond
< summary >
A species is the measure to living things based on whether they can interbreed or not. Also, a subspecies, that is, race is the measure to ones which changed a bit from original species. Yet, it is harder to classify humans into races than do other living things, because the criteria on appearance is not objective and also race tends to lead to hierarchy. According to Diamond, the traits classifying races vary because of natural selection or sexual selection, or sometimes they reflect mutations. Moreover, he shows several criteria of race, such as race by resistance, or digestion, or fingerprints, or by genes. Diamond himself doubts that the variations of appearance aim to enhance survival, and thinks sexual selection is the key. In conclusion, he insists that it is unnecessary to continue codifying the different appearances into arbitrary system of racial classification.
< reaction >
The definitions of "species" and "subspecies" are meaningful. They are very convincing. However, I think the part of his own opinion is little. Also, many examples of the criteria of race do not seem to have an great effect. For example, the current content includes even the explanation about race by fingerprints, but I do not know well what Diamond tell readers by it. The construction of text should be changed to focus more on it.
A species is the measure to living things based on whether they can interbreed or not. Also, a subspecies, that is, race is the measure to ones which changed a bit from original species. Yet, it is harder to classify humans into races than do other living things, because the criteria on appearance is not objective and also race tends to lead to hierarchy. According to Diamond, the traits classifying races vary because of natural selection or sexual selection, or sometimes they reflect mutations. Moreover, he shows several criteria of race, such as race by resistance, or digestion, or fingerprints, or by genes. Diamond himself doubts that the variations of appearance aim to enhance survival, and thinks sexual selection is the key. In conclusion, he insists that it is unnecessary to continue codifying the different appearances into arbitrary system of racial classification.
< reaction >
The definitions of "species" and "subspecies" are meaningful. They are very convincing. However, I think the part of his own opinion is little. Also, many examples of the criteria of race do not seem to have an great effect. For example, the current content includes even the explanation about race by fingerprints, but I do not know well what Diamond tell readers by it. The construction of text should be changed to focus more on it.
2011年11月9日水曜日
Reaction to Shreeve
< summary >
It is sure that race persists. According to Sheeve, race is the part of one person's variation on the theme of humanity influenced by the interaction between geography and inheritance. Race is useful for organizing data, like one used by health journal. Recently, it attracts attention to check DNA for determining the race.
However, the definition or scientific purpose of "race" is not clear, and is argumentative. Shreeve also seems to conclude that the criteria is all a matter of perspective.
< answer >
a) I think the concept of "race" is useful for scientists. For example, the differences of physical traits, such as the air capacity of the lungs, are important in medical treatment. However, it is true that the term race recalls to discrimination, racism. Thus, it may be necessary to use other words for telling the differences of physical traits.
b) As mentioned above, I think the concept race should be used in medical research. Or, sometimes it is useful when the police describe the trait of a wanted man or woman.
< reaction >
I do not know his point of view or what Sheeve wanted to say. While he defined the word "race", he showed Smouse's opinion that the criteria is different among people at the end. If he wanted to tell the meaninglessness of the concept of race, he should have written concentrating on it. It is necessary to show the opinion clearly.
It is sure that race persists. According to Sheeve, race is the part of one person's variation on the theme of humanity influenced by the interaction between geography and inheritance. Race is useful for organizing data, like one used by health journal. Recently, it attracts attention to check DNA for determining the race.
However, the definition or scientific purpose of "race" is not clear, and is argumentative. Shreeve also seems to conclude that the criteria is all a matter of perspective.
< answer >
a) I think the concept of "race" is useful for scientists. For example, the differences of physical traits, such as the air capacity of the lungs, are important in medical treatment. However, it is true that the term race recalls to discrimination, racism. Thus, it may be necessary to use other words for telling the differences of physical traits.
b) As mentioned above, I think the concept race should be used in medical research. Or, sometimes it is useful when the police describe the trait of a wanted man or woman.
< reaction >
I do not know his point of view or what Sheeve wanted to say. While he defined the word "race", he showed Smouse's opinion that the criteria is different among people at the end. If he wanted to tell the meaninglessness of the concept of race, he should have written concentrating on it. It is necessary to show the opinion clearly.
2011年11月6日日曜日
Reflection on 20×20
I practiced several times on the train, but I was in a hurry while presentation. I said the different explanation from what I planned to say and then got confused, so sometimes it was not fluent. I should have practiced with a loud voice at the laege room, at least once.
Also, I think the explanation about the relationship between culture and economy was scarce. I talked as if it was natural relation, but it was difficult for others to understand.
In addition, according to friends' comments, the slides were a little dull. I will use more colars, animation, or bigger pictures in order to make the slides more attractive next time.
Also, I think the explanation about the relationship between culture and economy was scarce. I talked as if it was natural relation, but it was difficult for others to understand.
In addition, according to friends' comments, the slides were a little dull. I will use more colars, animation, or bigger pictures in order to make the slides more attractive next time.
2011年11月5日土曜日
The reaction to Gould
I do not understand this text completely, but I think the main point is that academic ideas exist in ordinary lives. The long description about Blumenbach is the example which proves that his idea was influenced by not only scholars but also ordinaly people. But I wonder it was really necesarry to use this example in order to explain it.
I have other doubts on several points.
At first, I do not know what is "beauty" Elumenbach used. It is maybe one of the key words, but it is very abstract and subjective.They should have explained more about it.
Also, it seems that Gould presented some points as natural assumptions. For example, Gould wrote "Why, then, do we credit Blumenbach rather than Linnaeus, as the founder of racial classification?"(p9-2 / l.38-39). This part is on the assumption that everyone credit Blumenbach rather than Linnaeus, but it is not always true. Gould did not consider the readers well.
I have other doubts on several points.
At first, I do not know what is "beauty" Elumenbach used. It is maybe one of the key words, but it is very abstract and subjective.They should have explained more about it.
Also, it seems that Gould presented some points as natural assumptions. For example, Gould wrote "Why, then, do we credit Blumenbach rather than Linnaeus, as the founder of racial classification?"(p9-2 / l.38-39). This part is on the assumption that everyone credit Blumenbach rather than Linnaeus, but it is not always true. Gould did not consider the readers well.
2011年10月20日木曜日
essay draft 1st
At first.... I cannot complete the essay draft. Sometimes the sentences are left unfinished.
Maybe it is difficult to read, but please forgive me.
Nakajima Saki
ARW sec.BG
Prof. Christianson
October.9.2011
Why some Japanese feel an antipathy against Korean?
1, Introduction
On August 21, more than two-thousands Japanese demonstrate against the Fuji broadcasting TV station. It was because the Fuji broadcasts many Korean programs.They insisted that the Fuji treat Korean with more favor than Japanese and called it a betrayer of Japan, and atempt to continue demonstration. It is true that the Korean TV programs are increasing. According to asahi.com, Fuji broadcast Korean programs for about 38 hours in July 2011, which number was the most among the Japanese commercial broadcasting TV stations. However, the reason why the Korean TV programs are increasing is because they are cheap to broadcast while the Japanese ones need a lot of production costs (Takahisa). It is natural that the company try to reduce the expenses, so the thought that the Fuji is a betrayer of Japan is misdirected.
In additon, though American and Western cultures spread widely, only few Japanese[a] criticize it[b][c]. Therefore, it can be said that they do not oppose receiving other countries’ cultures, but feel an especial antipathy against Korean.
It is true that the relation seems to become familiar, because they restored diplomatic relations, and nowadays Korean culture is booming in Japan. However, theserious[d][e] relationship still remains. In order to prevent a new diplomatic clash, Japanese have to consider why some Japanese feel an antipathy against Korean and how they can improve the relation.
2, (body)
(1) the detail about Korean wave and the current situation that some Japanese have anpathy
According to Chua, the current Korean wave can be said to began since 2003, when the Korean melodrama “Winter Sonata” began to broadcast on NHK TV station (Chua) . The leading actor, Bae Youn Joon became very famous in Japan and called “Yon sama” , which means “Brother Yon”. This name was selected as one of the most used words in 2004 (Kotoshino). As Chua also explained, this program was popular especially among Japanese middle-aged female audience (Chua) . After that, the young K-POP singers began to appeared. For example, one of the popular young men’s group, Tong Vfang Xien Qi make debut in Japan in 2005. Now, the Korean girl’s groups, like KARA or Shoujojidai, are at the height of their popularity. According to “oricon ranking”, which informs Japanese of the ranking about the well-sold music and so on, their music is very popular. For example, on October 12, 2011, when KARA’s DVD “KARA’s All about Beauty” began to be sold, it was the first rank in terms of daily sales. In addition, they appear on many advertisements in the city.
However, it is true that some Japanese feel an antipathy against Korean. According to the public-opinion poll by both Asahi Shimbun and The Dong-a Ilbo in 2010, 10% of Japanese dislike Korean (Sakurai). In addition, some relatively young Japanese are also anti-Korean. The video recording of the demonstration against Fuji broadcasting TV station mentioned above proved that many people in twenties and thirties participated in (yhoogoo). The conceivable reasons why some Japanese feel an antipathy against Korean are the history and nationalism, the biased information, and ignorance about Korean.
(2) the first conceivable cause : the nationality
Some Japanese stick to the nationality in several different aspects, such as the discrimination came from history or the cultural conservatism.
First, some Japanese, especially elder Japanese look down on Korean[f], which is affected by the history. In the history, Japan and Korea has had a close, and perhaps, disagreeable connection. In the latter part of ninetieth century, Japan began to put pressure on Korea, and then since 1894 Japan place Korea under its control substantially. In the first half of the twenty century, Japan strengthen the control with discrimination (Nahm)[g]. Therefore, it will be possible the elderly Japanese discriminate Korean still now.
Moreover, such history produced cultural conservatism. According to , “cultural conservatism” means that [h][i]. In addition, if many products of Koran culture import to Japan, the Japanese economy may be damaged, so some Japanese feel cautious of Korean action. Such negative attitude against Korean culture can be seen in other countries. For example, [j] [k] Therefore, the nationality by which Japanese regard their own country as important makes them to feel an antipathy against Korean.
(3) the second conceivable cause: the biased information
It can also be said that the biased information caused the antipathy against Korean. It is very quick that the information, such as the reports by media or the information on the Internet, spread because of the development of information technology, so the biased one is conveyed to many people fast and be believed,[l] too.
Tsutomu Nishioka insisted that the media reported excessively, and as a resort it told the wrong information again and again and made the situation worse( )[m]. For example, [n].[o] Therefore, though the media should report correctly and give the hint to improve the situation, it fans the antipathy against Korean conversely.
In addition, the information which people send freely on the Internet also incites some Japanese. The demonstration against Fuji broadcasting TV station mentioned above is the example of it. The start of this demonstration was the comment by Japanese actor Sosuke Takaoka on “Twitter” on July 23, 2011. He stated that the Fuji too broadcasted the Korean programs and Japanese wanted the Japanese own traditional programs. This comment aroused a public response especially on the Internet (“Takaoka”). <Connect demo[p][q]> On the Internet, a minor matter can become a big and serious, and sometimes biased one through exchange of the information by many people.
(4) the third conceivable cause: ignorance
One of the cause of the antipathy against Korean is Japanese ignorance about Korean. It may form the basis of other conceivable causes, too. If some Japanese do not know a lot about Korean, they will only presume the Korean situation, and then they can have the biased image.Ignore history…
WORK CITED
Nahmm, Andrew C, ed. Korea Under Japanese Colonial Rule. Michigan: the Center for Korean Studies Western Michigan University, 1973. Print.
Takahisa, Jun. “Hanryubangumi naze hueta?”[Why did Korean programs increase?] asahi shinbun. asahi.com, 20 Sep. 2011. Web. 16 Oct. 2011.
“Kotoshino ryukogo ha ‘Yon sama’ word of the year”[The most popular word this year is “Yon sama.” Word of the year].Asahi.com. Asahi shinbun, 16 Nov. 2004. Web. 16 Oct. 2011.
Chua, Beng Huat. “East Asian Pop Culture: Consumer Communities and Politics of the National.”
Cultural Space and Public Sphere in Asia. Asia’s Future Initiative, n.d. Web. 18 Oct. 2011.
ORICON STYLE RANKING DVD overall daily ranking. Oricon Inc, October 2011. Web. 12 October. 2011.
Sakurai, Izumi. “Nihon ‘Mijika ni’ 55%, Kankoku ha 42% Nikkann yoron chosa”[55% of Japanese fell familiar with Korean, while 42% of Korean feel so with Japanese, according to a public-opinion poll.] Asahi.com.Asahi shinbun, 10 June. 2010. Web. 18 Oct. 2011.
Nishioka, Tsutomu. Nikkann gokai no shinenn [ the abyss of misunderstanding between Japan
and Korea]. Tokyo: Akishobo, 1992. Print.
“Takaoka Sousuke tuitta de hihan ‘8 ha ima majide minai”[Sosuke Takaoka criticized on Twitter. “I do not really watch Channel 8 now.”]Sponichi Annex. Sponichi Annex, 27 July. 2011. Web. 16 Oct. 2011.
yhoogoo, prod. Fujiterebi kougi demo 8・21 kougashitu sononana [The video of demonstration against Fuji broadcasting TV station on August 21, which has good image quality, No.7].YouTube. You Tube, 21 Aug. 2011. Web. 18 Oct 2011.
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